Os problemas com vazamentos de água são recorrentes e mais comuns do que muitas pessoas pensam. Estima-se 33% da água distribuída nos centros urbanos se perca no caminho para as casas em vazamentos da rede pública e ligações clandestinas, segundo o Trata Brasil. O limite de desperdício aceitável nas redes é de 15%.
Porém, o problema não está só na rede de distribuição. Vazamentos em equipamentos, como descargas desreguladas, torneiras frouxas, irrigadores mal ajustados, contribuem para o consumo excessivo nas casas brasileiras.
A Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (Sabesp) estima que, por culpa de vazamentos, há uma perda de 24,4% de água tratada. Essas perdas reais ocorrem principalmente pelo desgaste natural de tubulações e instalações hidráulicas com problemas. Um vazamento em torneira com gotejamento pode significar 20 litros por dia; um vaso sanitário com filete de água pode desperdiçar 144 litros por dia.
Existem vazamentos mais complicados de serem detectados e que precisam ser analisados por serviço especializado. O problema pode ser causado pela falta de manutenção de equipamentos de redes antigas, que acabam se corroendo, ou pela utilização de materiais mais baratos. Vazamentos em canos podem desperdiçar cerca de 96 mil litros de água em um mês com um buraco de 2mm. Vazamentos visíveis são fáceis de serem descobertos já que eles formam infiltrações – manchas de mofo, bolhas de ar na parede, mudam a cor ou soltam a tinta, soltam azulejos.
Os vazamentos mais comuns ocorrem em pisos, reservatórios, paredes e torneiras. De todo modo, com simples testes podemos verificar o sistema de água de uma casa. Por exemplo: ao fechar registro geral, verifique o hidrômetro. Caso os números ou a bolinha do meio do aparelho continuem girando é sinal de que há vazamento em algum local.
Outra opção é conferir o relógio de água e deixe os registros nas paredes abertos, feche bem todas as torneiras, desligue os aparelhos que usam água e não utilize os sanitários. Anote o número que aparece ou marque a posição do ponteiro maior do seu hidrômetro. Depois de uma hora, verifique se o número mudou ou o ponteiro se movimentou. Se isso aconteceu é porque há vazamento. O site da Sabesp possui diversas dicas e testes para a verificação de redes de água domésticas.
Para conseguirmos pôr em ação medidas que vão frear o problema da falta de água, é preciso a ação conjunta do governo e da população. O país sempre teve abundância de recursos e isso dificultou uma educação voltada para a economia.
Certifique-se que não há nenhum vazamento em sua casa. A preocupação com o desperdício de água não deve acontecer somente nos períodos de estiagem quando os reservatórios ficam vazios. Os últimos anos foram marcados pelos períodos de seca que assolam o país, por isso precisamos economizar água, para que essa crise hídrica não piore. Já existem multas e taxas por excesso de consumo de água. Mesmo com essas medidas, conscientização ainda é o mais importante.
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